What Is Judicial Restraint Definition and Examples

Judicial restraint is a legal term that describes a type of judicial interpretation that emphasizes the limited nature of the courts power. Judicial restraint asks judges to base their decisions solely on the concept of  stare decisis, an obligation of the court to honor previous decisions. The Concept of Stare Decisis This term is more commonly known  as precedent. Whether youve had experiences in court or youve seen it on television, attorneys often fall back on precedents in their arguments to the court. If Judge X ruled in such and such a way in 1973, the current judge should certainly take that into consideration and rule that way as well. The legal term stare decisis means to stand by things decided in Latin.   Judges often refer to this concept as well when theyre explaining their findings, as if to say, You may not like this decision, but Im not the first to reach this conclusion. Even  Supreme Court  justices have been known to rely on the idea of stare decisis.   Of course, critics argue that just because a court has decided in a certain  way in the past, it doesnt necessarily follow that that decision was correct. Former Chief Justice William Rehnquist once said that state ​decisis is not an inexorable command. Judges and justices are slow to ignore precedent regardless.  According to  Time Magazine,  William Rehnquist  also held himself out as an apostle of judicial restraint. The Correlation With Judicial Restraint Judicial restraint offers very little leeway from stare decisis, and conservative judges often employ both when deciding cases unless the law is clearly unconstitutional. The concept of judicial restraint applies most commonly at the Supreme Court level. This is the court that has the power to repeal or wipe out laws that for one reason or another have not stood the test of time and are no longer workable, fair or constitutional. These decisions all come down to each justices interpretation of the law and can be a matter of opinion, which is where judicial restraint comes in. When in doubt, dont change anything. Stick with precedents and existing interpretations. Do not strike down a law that previous courts have upheld before.   Judicial Restraint vs. Judicial Activism Judicial restraint is the opposite of judicial activism in that it seeks to limit the power of judges to create new laws or policy.  Judicial activism  implies that a judge is falling back more on his personal interpretation of a law than on precedent. He allows his own personal perceptions to bleed into his decisions.   In most cases, the judicially restrained judge will decide a case  in such a way as to uphold the law established by Congress. Jurists who practice judicial restraint show solemn respect for the separation of governmental problems.  Strict constructionism is one type of legal philosophy espoused by judicially restrained judges.

Hamlet- Suicide Essay - 2453 Words

William Shakespeares Hamlet- Signifying Death Regardless of a persons age or literary preference it is undeniable that William Shakespeare had a flair for composing dramatic tragedies. Tragedy, when evident is a powerful underlining theme which portrays the qualities of the human capacity. In one of Shakespeares most brilliant plays, Hamlet, tragedy is portrayed through the protagonists constant contemplation of suicide. Shakespeare often alludes to powerful images of death by using pathos and bereavement in life to be inconsequential. In the play, Hamlet, William Shakespeare produces a tragedy which illustrates the suggestion of suicide and the imagery of death as solutions to problems through Ophelias demise, the minor†¦show more content†¦After ending her relationship with Hamlet, and having her father killed by her previous lover, Ophelias character begins to change. A flower can resemble Ophelias character; for even the most beautiful flower can be deceiving, and this i s first seen in her character as a calm, delicate, and a controlled young lady (1.3.45-51 136). Once her father passes away and Hamlet is out of reach her state of being becomes confused, ill, insane and bitter (4.5.46-64). Ophelia starts wearing flowers like rosemary which is to be worn in memory (4.5.173). It is evident by the course of events that Ophelia commits suicide and her demise results from her own actions. Secondly, throughout Denmark inevitable justice is proficient with the minor characters that shape the reflection of death. One of the first minor characters that play a major role to reflect death is Horatio. Horatio is the definition of a true friend. He remains a complex character that is honest and loyal to his companion Hamlet (3.2.56-57). By the end of the play, Laertes stabs Hamlet with a poisonous sword (5.2.387-89). Dearly honoured by Hamlet, Horatio insists on drinking what is left from the poisonous cup which killed Gertrude (5.2.330-32). In act five, scene two Horatio declares to Hamlet that he will drink the poison; an act of committing suicide indicating how deeply he is moved by Hamlet suffering (5.2.331) Horatio states Never believe it: I am more anShow MoreRelatedEssay on Suicide in Hamlet1624 Words   |  7 PagesWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet, suicide is an important and continuous theme throughout the play. Hamlet is the main character who contemplates the thought of suicide many different times throughout the play, since the murder of his father. Hamlet weighs the advantages of leaving his miserable life with the living, for possibly a better but unknown life with the dead. Hamlet seriously contemplates suicide, but decides against it, mainly because it is a mortal sin against God. Hamlet continues to sayRead MoreSuicide Soliloquy in Hamlet Essay1210 Words   |  5 Pages William Shakespeare is a famous English playwright. His play Hamlet centers around Hamlets decision on how to seek revenge for his father’s death. However, Hamlet is unsure of what course of action he wants to take to exact his revenge. He discusses the idea of suicide as a possible option in his â€Å"To be or not to be† soliloquy. In this soliloquy, Shakespeare uses metaphors, rhetorical questions, and repetition to express Hamlet’s indecision regarding what he should do. Shakespeare uses metaphorsRead MoreEssay about Suicide in Hamlet1448 Words   |  6 PagesIn Shakespeare’s Hamlet, suicide is treated differently on the aspects of religion, morals, and philosophical views. Suicide is the act of deliberately killing yourself in contrary to your own best interests. In today’s society suicide is highly looked down upon. But Shakespeare used suicide and violence in almost all of his most popular plays. Many of his tragedies used the element of suicide, some accomplished, others merely contemplated. Shakespeare used suicide as a dramatic device. A character’sRead More Death and Suicide in Hamlet by William Shakespeare1100 Words   |  5 PagesSuicide, originating from the Latin phrase sui cadere, â€Å"to kill oneself†, is one of the top leading causes of death worldwide. Every year, more than a million people commit suicide, successfully ending whatever feelings of despair, pressure, or suffering they felt when alive. Yet statistics show that the number of nonfatal suicide attempts exceeds that of actual completed suicides. Failed attempts of taking one’s own life reveal the deep, undermining uncertainties humans have about death. Such inquiriesRead MoreEssay about Suicide in William Shakespeares Hamlet2962 Words   |  12 PagesSuicide in William Shakespeares Hamlet In two of his soliloquies, Hamlet questions whether life is worth living. With characteristic ambiguity and indecision, he wavers as he considers both the Christian and the classical perspectives on suicide. Much of the debate surrounding Shakespeare’s treatment of suicide in Hamlet develops from interpretations of those soliloquies. Focusing primarily on his most famous soliloquy at the start of act three, much critical debate has arisen over the subjectRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet - Suicide And Selfhood Essay1365 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å"This above all, to thine own self be true† (Shakespeare 1.3.78)--suicide and selfhood: two issues that Hamlet ruminates on throughout Hamlet. Shakespeare reveals the connection between these two ideas through his references to Christianity throughout the play. By juxtaposing characters’ treatment of suicide and murder--two equally grave sins in a world governed by Christian morals--Shakespeare presents suicide a s the greater sin because it represents something worse: the annihilation of the selfRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet - The Contemplation Of Suicide And Murder1941 Words   |  8 PagesShakespeare’s Hamlet, the protagonist: Hamlet, contrasts the ideas of life and death to understand whether life is worth living with all the pain one must endure. Hamlet battles an internal struggle throughout the play to decide if suicide is the correct method to alleviate his hardship and dismay, or if he should face the daunting task of avenging his father’s death. The struggle Hamlet is faced with leads him to debate suicide in his â€Å"To be, or not to be† soliloquy. The contemplation of suicide and murderRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet As A Play That Contains Frequent Meditations On Suicide Essay1590 Words   |  7 Pages(Shakespeare 3.1.56). Audiences know Shakespeare’s Hamlet as a play that contains frequent meditations on suicide, yet despite suicideà ¢â‚¬â„¢s obvious religious connections, audiences do not often consider how religion as a whole functions within the play. This lack of awareness partially results from the subtlety of many of Hamlet’s religious elements. Through his religious references and the resulting emphasis on the gravity of the sins of murder and suicide, Shakespeare clarifies the contradictory attitudeRead MoreThe Significance of Suicide in Hamlet1525 Words   |  7 PagesThe Significance of Suicide in Hamlet The concept of suicide is one that is greatly contemplated and discussed by Hamlet and other characters in William Shakespeares play. It can be seen through two of Hamlets soliloquies and his overall demeanor throughout the play. Hamlet has many issues that he must deal with such as the death of his father and the marriage of his uncle and mother. These two incidents led Hamlet to consider the extreme act of suicide to escape the fate that he had been bestowedRead MoreTheme Of Suicide In Hamlet1443 Words   |  6 Pageslost, do not give up. Because if you choose suicide, you will never live to see it get worse, however, you also pass up the chance to see life get better. Suicide is an important, recurring theme in William Shakespeares, Hamlet, and it is a topic that Hamlet contemplates quite often throughout the play. Hamlet often goes back and forth between to be or not to be, but continues to believe that people although capable of suicide, choose to live. Hamlet is adamant that t he unknown, the inconclusiveness

Creating The Positive Learning Environment - 1871 Words

To create the positive learning environment that is needed in classrooms today, a teacher needs to have good classroom management. When you think of classroom management, what usually comes up is school discipline. For a school to create a safe learning environment and culture that makes students feel welcome, school discipline management needs to be effective. Administrators are usually the school personnel involved with maintaining school discipline. Studies have shown that administrators in charge of school discipline need to flexible, and it is that type of management of discipline that is more favorable than the zero tolerance policy that some schools use. Discipline in the schools today is much different than twenty-five or thirty-five years ago. Back in the day, parents allowed teachers to give stiff punishments to their children because their thought process was that teachers can make students learn when they are afraid (Thangarajathi Joel, 2010). However, society now has a different point of view on harsh discipline. Discipline or the lack of it in a school or classroom is a reason why teachers leave the profession. It is important to note that discipline is about structure and choice, and not punishment (Pass, 2007). When you think about discipline in that manner, it is vital that teachers and administrators have a plan in place that allows students to use their critical thinking skills when making choices. School discipline and the thoughts on how it should beShow MoreRelatedCreating A Positive Learning Environment1129 Words   |  5 PagesPRACTICE Creating a positive learning environment Whilst the role I hold is one of educator, for the learner to feel safe in their relationship with me as their teacher, I need to convey my strong concern for them as a person, not just in what they are learning. I will speak to each student respectfully and model the same using language that is empathetic and positively framed. 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Is Sexism Becoming A More Controversial Subject - 1153 Words

In this day and age, sexism is becoming a more controversial subject. With gender roles being portrayed in the wrong way based off of gender stereotypes, there is a lot to be changed. This shows that individuals are deeply affected by the gender stereotypes explained in textbooks given to students to study from. There are many effects including, students are taught to think a certain way. Females are specifically affected because they are directly treated unfairly. Lastly, males have been shown to be more favored in classroom settings. With this in mind, people are genuinely affected by the gender stereotypes depicted in scientific textbooks, whether it is realized or not. Throughout society there are several different occasions where†¦show more content†¦The stereotypes imply not only that female biological processes are less worthy than their male counterparts but also that women are less worthy than men.† (Martin 237). Due to the common stereotypes depicted in several educational textbooks, several studies have been done to see the effects of the gender stereotypes. A Study in Kenya was performed where scientists developed a textbook that purposefully had gender stereotypes, to see how readers would react. The males in the textbook were given more business related occupations, while the females were given more teaching related jobs. The students in the study were randomly asked to point out from the illustrations in the selected textbooks, which characters they would have liked to identify with. The results show that 95.0 percent of the respondents indicated that they would have identified with characters of their own gender. Only 5 percent of the respondents indicated they would have identified with characters of either gender in the textbooks. This analysis indicates that pupils were more inclined to imitate characters and activities illustrated in the textbooks by people of their gender. This ba sically just shows that children learn early in life of what the society’s expectations and standards for girls and boys. They also learn the gender code,

Avoiding Common Nursing Errors

Question: Describe about the Avoiding Common Nursing Errors? Answer: Abstract The quantitative research study conducted with the intent to analyze the competence and knowledgebase of nursing professionals in executing nasogastric (NG) intubation to patients in the clinical setting. The study also evaluated the efficiency of nurses in maintaining nasogastric tube following its insertion to the patients requiring enteral feeding or aspiration. The randomized study limited to the timeframe of three weeks and attempted to include 40 registered nurses working in the intensive care unit of Bankstown Hospital for obtaining their responses in terms of questionnaire disseminated to evaluate the degree of competence among nursing professionals in context to administering nasogastric tube insertion to the patients population. The research questionnaire encapsulated in sealed envelopes and distributed to the lockers of registered nurses for processing and retrieved within the stipulated timeframe for analysis. The responses in the questionnaire statistically analyzed and confirmed that majority of the research participants confident in administering nasogastric tube (NGT) to the patients requiring enteral feeding. Furthermore, the study subjects displayed the experience and potential in terms of aspirating and flushing the NGT. The nursing professionals also shared their willingness in attending educational sessions to further improve their efficiency and skills in context to nasogastric intubation for enteral purposes. Keywords: Nasogastric, NGT, Nurses, questionnaire, enteral, flushing, feeding, aspiration Clinical Study Report The NGT insertion executed with the intent of accessing the stomach to drain its content, decompress the gastric region or perform gastric sampling while creating a passage through the gastrointestinal tract. This intubation indeed proceeded to initiate enteral feeding in cases of gastrointestinal morbidities including small bowel obstruction, postoperative ileus, and gastric paralysis (Guenter Silkroski, 2001, p. 155). Furthermore, failure to thrive, intestinal malabsorption and feeding aversion include some of the clinical comorbidities warranting insertion of nasogastric tube as evidenced by the clinical literature. The other requirement of NGT insertion relates to gastric lavage in cases of drug intoxication or traumatic conditions. The NG intubation is a well known clinical intervention employed in cases of gastrointestinal abnormalities for preventing aspiration of contents and vomiting following the enteral feeding. The nasogastric intubation is advantageous in the assessment of gastrointestinal hemorrhage in context to devising therapeutic or surgical interventions following the nasogastric evaluation. However, the contraindications regarding NGT insertion require careful assessment in context to patients clinical complexity to avoid potential complications following the nasogastric intervention. These contraindications include coagulopathy, nasal obstruction, esophageal stenosis and patients reluctance in undergoing nasogastric intervention following the clinical requirement (Kirby Dudrick, 1994, p. 90). The complications following the insertion of NGT include clogging, nasal trauma, aspiration, pneumothorax, otitis media, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, reflux esophagitis, otitis media and tube dislodgement as evidenced by the clinical literature. The nursing professionals require in depth knowledge of the NG intubation and probable complications in efficiently administering feed or medication to the respective patients. Furthermore, the necessary prec autions including utilization of gloves, masks and gown warranted in context to avoiding contact with the body fluids of patients or handling traumatic conditions during NG intubation. The clinical study conducted with the intent to analyze the competence of registered nurse professionals in terms of administering nasogastric tube and rendering its maintenance to ascertain error free provision of feeding or medication to the required patients population. Literature Review The basic equipments necessary to execute insertion of nasogastric tube include adhesive tape, lubricant, and syringe for catheter tip irrigation, nasogastric tube, drainage device, purified water, pH indicator strips, emesis basin and personal protective equipment (Kowalak, 2009, p. 659-660). The nursing professionals expected to gain expertise and competence for ensuring adequate placement of the NG tube prior to initiation of feeding or medication administration following the instructions by the physician. Its highly necessary for the qualified nurses to carefully analyze the physicians orders and descriptive protocol in context to the medical necessity to efficiently administer nasogastric tube to the target population (Rosdahl Kowalski, 2003, p. 351). Indeed, effective communication between the nurses and patients required to retain confidentiality and avoid deviation from safety protocols while rendering nasogastric intubation. The clinical literature reveals diarrhea and abdo minal distension as some of the most common symptoms experienced by patients undergoing enteral feeding through nasogastric tube (Bullock et al, p. 424). The qualified registered nurses require attaining expertise and knowledge in context to managing these common symptoms following the NG intubation. Baillie (2014:p.491) discusses the clinical protocol for administering nasogastric tube to the required candidates. Indeed, the nasogastric intubation requires execution with the approval of patients consulting physician in accordance with the clinical rationale described in the medical report. Indeed, the outcomes of the nasogastric intubation require careful monitoring to evaluate the successful administration of NG tube by the rendering nurse professional (Altman, 2010, p. 707). The research study conducted by Lee Mason (2013) evaluated the knowledge and competence of medical undergraduates in terms of inserting NG tubes to the patients. The results of the study indicated the lack o f confidence and knowledge among doctors in context to enteral feeding by the nasogastric tube, thereby warranting the need for conducting training sessions and workshops for the physicians to disseminate information regarding NG insertion in accordance with the clinical scenarios. Indeed, the physicians awareness in context to the technicalities of NGT insertion is highly required to avoid misplacement of the tube into respiratory tract resulting in life threatening morbidities including pneumothorax, pulmonary hemorrhage and aspiration pneumonia. Fitzpatrick Wallace (2012, p. 151) describe errors reported in context to inappropriate placement of NG tube, as evidenced by research studies. The clinical studies reveal the reported cases of intestinal malabsorption following erroneous placement of NG tube in patients duodenum resulting in abnormal weight gain and diarrhea. Indeed, the monitoring of nasogastric intubation between intervals of feeding and medication administration warr anted to rule out complications in context to tubal administration. Hopp Rittenmeyer (p. 274) emphasize the need for radiographic validation to ensure proper placement of nasogastric tube. Contrarily, the induction of positional change of NG tube warranted to ascertain appropriate tubal placement for avoiding any possibility of clogging or aspiration pneumonia. The lab analysis of the tubal aspirate in terms of consistency and color also provides some clue about the probable misplacement requiring immediate medical intervention. Mills (2006, p. 179) describes the requirement of NG tube insertion for administering medications during the postoperative period. The clinical literature recommends placing the patients in low Fowlers position for inserting NG tube during the postoperative care. Tollefson (2004, p. 117) describes the procedure for NG tube insertion and psychomotor skills warranted by the healthcare professionals to ensure safe and uncomplicated intubation to the required p atients. The clinical studies reveal the short-term requirement of nasogastric tube for enteral feeding in the clinical setting (Fabbro et al, 2010, p. 262). Indeed, frequent malposition of the NG tubes result in feeding mismanagement and adverse influence on the social functioning of the treated population. Therefore, careful administration of NG tube is imperative in avoiding potential complications arising due to tubal mismanagement by the nursing professionals. Furthermore, the adequate looping of the taped bridle around the nasogastric tube assists in tubal feeding and generating confidence in nurses in context to reducing the probability of feeding inadequacy due to inappropriate intubation. The quantitative research study conducted by Indiana University School of Nursing (2008) evaluated the competence of nursing professionals in terms of assessment of methods employed for nasogastric intubation to the patients population. The study revealed the practice of NEX (Nose-Ear-Xiph oid) method by several nursing professionals for NG intubation. However, few nurses utilized protocol related to pH testing and aspiration of gastric contents in context to evidence based practice to ensure appropriate placement of tubes to the target patients. Indeed, the necessity of conducting regular training sessions and educational seminars regularly emphasized by the clinical studies to ascertain proper positioning of NG tubes with the intent to avoid potential feeding complications following the tubal misplacement. The most important drawback of NEX tubal insertion includes dropping the lower end of the tube in patients esophagus with inappropriate frequency. This indeed, increases the scope of tubal misplacement leading to gastrointestinal complications. The literature review reveals the requirement of NG intubation in context to enteral feeding pertaining to the span of not more than six weeks duration. However, the utilization of evidence based approaches and methods for tubal insertion and feeding highly warranted by the nursing professionals to facilitate the intubation process and reduce the probability of tubal misplacement and its potential gastrointestinal complications resulting in life threatening morbidities among the patients population. Sample The study utilized a sample size of 40 registered nurses pertaining to intensive care unit for conducting the survey in terms of the research questionnaire requiring processing by the selected nurses within a timeframe of three weeks duration. The inclusion criteria of the research study followed the convention of contact the registered nursing professionals with exposure to nasogastric intubation services in the hospital setting. However, the non-registered professionals, retired nurses and interns were excluded from the research study. Only 31 registered nursing professionals were able to accomplish the survey questions in accordance with the provided instructions. Four of the registered nursing professionals excluded from the overall analysis because of their inability to process the research questionnaire in entirety. Indeed, three nurses did not receive the survey questionnaire due to their prescheduled vacation. Two of the nursing participants did not display interest in the survey and therefore, quitted and did not accomplish the provided questionnaire. The prior approval from ethics committee of the hospital obtained in context to initiating the study and informed consent forms provided to each participant for their approval with written commitment to retain confidentiality during and after the study duration. Procedure The recruitment of the nursing professionals executed through disseminating the following questionnaire in the sealed envelopes and the findings committed for publication in peer reviewed journal while retaining confidentiality of the nurses personal information, as committed in the informed consent form. How confident are you in inserting a Nasogastric tube? How comfortable are you in aspirating a nasogastric tube? How comfortable are you in feeding a patient via a nasogastric tube? How confident are you in flushing a nasogastric tube? How confident are you in positioning a patient for tube insertion? How well do you understand the common methods of checking NGT placement? How confident are you in checking for tube placement? How confident are you in accurately measuring the tube for insertion depth? How confident are you in supervising a colleague with the procedure of inserting a NGT? Would you like obtaining more training on this subject? Results The results obtained on a grade of 1 10 in terms of responses by the registered nursing professionals. Variables Grades Never Done Marginal Average Confident V. Confident How confident are you in inserting a Nasogastric tube 2 (6.4%) 5 (16.12%) 13 (41.93%) 6 (19.35%) 5 (16.12) How comfortable are you in aspirating a nasogastric tube 0 (0%) 5 (16.12%) 8 (25.8%) 7 (22.5%) 11 (35.48%) How comfortable are you in feeding a patient via a nasogastric tube 0 (0%) 2 (6.4%) 10 (32.2%) 9 (29%) 10 (32.2%) How confident are you in flushing a nasogastric tube 0 (0%) 1 (3.22%) 12 (38.70%) 7 (22.5%) 11 (35.48%) How confident are you in positioning a patient for tube insertion 0 (0%) 3 (9.67%) 8 (25.8%) 8 (25.8%) 12 (38.70%) How well do you understand the common methods of checking NGT placement 1 (3.22%) 6 (19.35%) 14 (45.16%) 5 (16.12%) 5 (16.12%) How confident are you in checking for tube placement 5 (16.12%) 7 (22.5%) 12 (38.70%) 4 (12.90%) 3 (9.67%) How confident are you in accurately measuring the tube for insertion depth 3 (9.67%) 5 (16.12%) 9 (29%) 9 (29%) 5 (16.12%) How confident are you in supervising a colleague with the procedure of inserting a NGT 10 (32.2%) 4 (12.90%) 6 (19.35%) 7 (22.5%) 4 (12.90%) Would you like obtaining more training on this subject No I Dont mind Yes Certainly I am trained 0 (0%) 11 (35.48%) 10 (32.2%) 10 (32.2%) 1 (3.22%) Discussion The study results indicate that most of the registered nursing professionals obtained an average score in almost entire study variables. More than nineteen percent of nursing professionals could insert NG tube confidently; however, almost forty-two percent scored average in terms of inserting nasogastric tube to the patients population. This indicates that greater percentage of nursing professionals capable in terms of executing NG tube placement policy and procedures, as evidenced by the clinical literature (Alpers et al, 2008, p. 352). Indeed, more than thirty-five percent of the nursing professionals displayed considerable confidence in terms of their comfort in aspirating nasogastric tube in various clinical scenarios. This indicates that these nursing professionals are proficient in context to aspirating the gastric contents to evaluate the residual feeding volume, delayed stomach emptying and patterns of gastric intolerance in terms of managing the enteral nutrition (Smeltzer e t al, 2007, p. 566). More than thirty-eight percent of registered nurses displayed confidence in positioning the patient for tube insertion. This indicates that these professionals are completely aware of the protocols of NG tube insertion in accordance with the documentation in evidence based clinical literature. Indeed, the correct positioning of the patient for NG tube insertion determined in context to assessing the clinical condition and selecting the precise distance of the enteral tube for evaluating its appropriate position following the successful insertion (Mallett et al, 2013, p. 1966). The appropriate positioning of the NG tube is of paramount importance to avoid any inadvertent insertion to brain or lungs, thereby leading to serious clinical complications. In fact, most of the nursing professionals exhibited confidence and comfort in feeding the patients through nasogastric tube. This indicates that nursing professionals are well aware of the entire feeding requirements through nasogastric i ntubation in context to the evidence based literature. Guenter Silkroski (2001, p. 156) reveal the paediatric indications for nasogastric feeding including infantile diarrheal syndrome, increased feeding time and malnourishment. The study results indicate that more than thirty-five percent of the registered nurses displayed confidence in terms of their potential in flushing the nasogastric tube. This clearly indicates that majority of the nurses are well aware of the technicalities and complications associated with nasogastric tubal flushing. Indeed, the practice of appropriate techniques for nasogastric tubal flushing highly warranted in avoiding fatalities associated with misplacement or inappropriate flushing of the nasogastric tube. Boyd (2013) describes the events of patients deaths associated with inappropriate flushing of nasogastric tubes prior to the confirmation of their initial placement leading to pulmonary trauma and consequent deaths of the treated patients. The results of the research survey reveal that more than sixteen percent of the study participants showed considerable confidence in practicing common methods of checking NGT placement in patients. However, more than forty-five percent of n urses stood average in their knowledge for evaluating the NGT placement. Allbee et al (2011, p. 501) reveal the prevalent techniques including hand aspiration, evaluation through stethoscope and injection of air through NG tube for confirming its appropriate placement inside patients stomach. Indeed, more than thirty-eight percent of the study participants scored average in terms of their confidence in evaluating the NG tubal placement. These findings indicate that the study participants display awareness in context to the tubal placement methodology; however, they still require further training to increase their confidence levels in terms of placing the NG tube to the respective patients for proactively avoiding potential complications related to the malposition of the NG tube due to errors in its placement. The study survey indicates that more than twenty nine percent of the study subjects confident in measuring the tube in terms of its depth of insertion. The clinical literature reveals the importance of determining the depth of NG tubal invasion with respect to the associated risk potential. Indeed, the standard procedure for determining NG tubal length in context to its placement includes the measurement from the ear until its tip placed inferiorly to the xiphoid process (Beebe Myers, 2010, p. 451). In fact, more than 12.90% nurses showed the potential for training and supervising their colleagues in the insertion of nasogastric tube. However, more than 32.2% professionals shared their willingness in obtaining further training to enhance their skills and expertise in nasogastric tubal insertion. The discussion of the study findings clearly reveals the importance of the relevant expertise, competence and skills among registered nursing professionals in inserting the nasogastric tube to the eligible patients. Indeed, the conditions of gastric inflation, gastric distension, gastritis and gastroesophageal reflux disease increase the probability of aspiration, vomiting and ventilatory compromise that require careful monitoring by the nursing professionals while inserting the NG tube in different clinical scenarios. The nasogastric intubation proves to be the method of choice for aspiring or feeding the patients experiencing intestinal insufficiency or drug intoxication. Furthermore, the nursing professionals bear the professional and moral responsibility to understand the potential contraindications and complications in context to NGT insertion to render quality of care while administering feed or medication through NG intubation. The clinical literature reveals that patients wit h potential esophageal stenosis or varices not subjected to receive nasogastric intubation. Additionally, patients predisposed to basilar skull fractures also should not receive NG intubation for feeding or medication. The application of lidocaine and nasal decongestant warranted prior to NGT insertion to facilitate the process and nursing professionals require in depth understanding in terms of administering these pre-medications to facilitate the NG tubal administration. Nursing professionals require considering the stiffness of NG tubes while inserting them inside the eligible candidates. Indeed, the stiff tubes can easily penetrate the gastrointestinal tract and reduce the risk of gastric or esophageal injury or misplacement into pulmonary location as evidenced by the clinical literature. The guiding principles of NG tubal insertion warrant the utilization of guide wire and radiologic intervention to ascertain the appropriate positioning of NG tube for avoiding potential complic ations following the malposition due to inappropriate insertion. Furthermore, the utilization of appropriate sterilization techniques and surgical equipments warranted to avoid the probability of occurrence of infectious manifestations following the tubal insertion. The measurement of the NG tube in relation to the length of intubation assists in proper placement following its systematic insertion. The patients require positioning in high fowler state in accordance with the physicians instructions prior to administering the NG tube following the medical necessity. The lubrication of the NG tube with anaesthetic gel required to induce local analgesia for reducing the pain experienced during the intubation process. The tube facilitated through patients wider nostril and directed to esophagus until it reaches finally to the stomach. The tube is fixated while decompressing the gastric contents prior to initiating feeding or medication. The tube requires regular maintenance by the nursin g professionals in terms of flushing with air or saline in timely intervals to avoid obstruction or clogging. The validation of appropriate positioning of NG tube executed with the application of additional tests including whoosh test, chest radiograph and pH analysis. Furthermore, the nursing professionals require evaluating NG tube periodically following the initial placement and particularly prior to each feeding, and in cases of triggering of coughing and vomiting for checking secondary infection following the insertion. The dislodgement of the NG tube requires immediate attention by the nursing staff for appropriate remedial action in context to avoiding trauma and discomfort to the patient. Indeed, the qualified nursing professionals require competence and knowledge in context to NG tubal insertion and maintenance in relation to the medical necessities requiring NG intervention to facilitate patients medication or feeding. Conclusion The study concluded with the findings indicating that most of the study subjects evaluated during the research survey displayed average scores in all variables accessed to evaluate their efficiency and knowledge in administering and maintaining the NG tube in context to patients medical necessities. This certainly indicates the need to conduct prospective educational campaigns and seminars with the intent of further educating the nursing professionals regarding potential complications and traumatic conditions following the NG tubal insertion. The skills and competence level of more than one-third of the nursing professionals remained below average in accordance with the findings of the study. This indeed, warrants further investigation through prospective multicentre research studies of longer duration and increased sample size to determine the exact knowledge gaps and deficit in potential and competence among registered nurses in terms of inserting and maintaining nasogastric tubes to the required patients population. The research survey further reveals that only 6.4% of the study candidates never had the change to insert NG tube to patients. This indicates that almost all of the research participants have experience to variable extents in context to nasogastric tubal placement. Furthermore, the findings of the study prove that all research participants had the opportunity to aspirate and flush the nasogastric tube during their professional tenure. This proves that all of the nursing professionals are proficient in aspirating NG tubes to variable proportion. Indeed, most of the study subject showed confidence e in terms of aspirating NG tube to the eligible patients. This indicates that the prospective training programs require more emphasis on the insertion and management of NG tubes rather than mere aspiration principles. The research survey concluded that 96.78 % of the nursing professions shown their willingness to attend the training program for enhancing their skills and expertise in NG intubation and management process. This further indicates the scope of conducting prospective interactive sessions and training programs for the nursing professionals in the wider context of enhancing their potential and quality of care while imparting NG tubes to the patients population. The study concluded with the finding that 12.90% of the research participants pertain to the section of senior nurses capable to supervise and impart training sessions to the junior nursing professionals. Indeed, the quantitative research study explored the competence level of nursing professionals in terms of insertion and management of NG tubes and retrieved the findings indicating wide range of awareness among registered nurses regarding administering the NG tubes to eligible candidates in context to their medical necessities. However, potential gaps in terms of study variables obtained indicating the lack of confidence between certain group of nurses in context to NG intubation and gaps in knowledge also explored in nursing groups with respect to accurately placing and positioning NG tube. Nurses also require training sessions to improve their skills and enhance knowledge regarding NG tubal feeding to the patients population. The research survey remained limited to a single clinical setting and explored the knowledgebase of very limited number of registered nurses. Therefore, the results of the research study are still debatable and the wider perspective of knowledge gaps between the nursing professionals in terms of NGT handling yet to be identified while conducting cross border studies across various hospital settings through disseminating research questionnaires and initiating face to face interactive sessions as well with the nursing professionals. The multiple findings through interview sessions and research questionnaires will assist the researchers in identifying the focus of the prospective skill enhancing training sessions for th e nurses with the intent to enhance their knowledge and expertise in context to handle NG tubes and their complications within the patients population. Most importantly, the senior nurses associated with the bigger surgical facilities across the globe require prospective assessment to determine their knowledgebase and precisely evaluate their potential in terms of identifying the areas of improvement in NG intubation. Indeed, the precision in nasogastric intubation will enhance the quality of care to the patients and assist in avoiding misplacement and malpositioning of the NG tubes due to errors in placement. Addressing these core issues in context to NG intubation by nurses will undoubtedly enhance the error free administration of NG feed and drugs while avoiding potential complications and injuries to the patients following the intubation. References Allbee, B.H., Marcucci, L., Garber, J.S., Gross, M., Lambert, S., McCraw, R.J., Slonim, A.D., Slonim, T.A. (2011). Avoiding Common Nursing Errors. USA: Wolters Kluwer Health. Alpers, D.H., Stenson, W. F., Taylor, B.E., Bier, D.M. (2008). Manual of Nutritional Therapeutics (5th edn.). Philadelphia: LWW. Altman, G. (2010). Fundamental and Advanced Nursing Skills (3rd edn.). New York: Delmar. Baillie, L. (2014). Developing Practical Nursing Skills (4th edn.). Florida: Tailor Francis. Beebe, R., Myers, J. (2010). Professional Paramedic Foundations of Paramedic Care Volume I. USA: Delmar. Boyd, C. (2013). Medicine Management Skills for Nurses. UK: Wiley-Blackwell Bullock, I., Clark, J., Rycroft-Malone, J. (2012). Adult Nursing Practice: Using Evidence in Care. United Kingdom: Oxford. Bullock, I., Clark, J.M., Rycroft-Malone, J. (2012a). Adult Nursing Practice: Using Evidence in Care. United Kingdom: Oxford. Fabbro, E. D., Baracos, V., Demark-Wahnefried, W., Bowling, T., Hopkinson, J., Bruera, E. (2010). Nutrition and the Cancer Patient. New York: Oxford. Fitzpatrick, J., Wallace, M. (2012). Encyclopedia of Nursing Research (3rd edn.). New York: Springer. Guenter, P Silkroski, M. (2001). Tube Feeding: Practical Guidelines and Nursing Protocols. USA: Aspen. Guenter, P Silkroski, M. (2001a). Tube Feeding: Practical Guidelines and Nursing Protocols. USA: Aspen. Hopp, L., Rittenmeyer, L. (2012). Introduction to Evidence-Based Practice: A Practical Guide For Nursing. Philadelphia: F. A. Davis. Indiana University School of Nursing. (2008). Current Methods Nurses Use to Place and Maintain Nasogastric and Orogastric Tubes. Undergraduate Research Journal For The Human Sciences. Viewed 23 March 2015. https://www.kon.org/urc/v7/quainoo.html. Kirby, D., Dudrick, S. (1994). Practical Handbook of Nutrition in Clinical Practice. USA: CRC. Kowalak, J. P. (2009). Lippincott's Nursing Procedures (5th edn.). Philadelphia: LWW. Lee, S., Mason, E. (2013). Competence in confirming correct placement of nasogastric feeding tubes amongst FY1 doctors. BMJ Quality Improvement Reports. doi:10.1136/bmjquality.u201014.w1198. Mallett, J., Albarran, J., Richardson, A. (2013). Critical Care Manual of Clinical Procedures and Competencies. UK: Wiley-Blackwell. Mills, E. J. (2006). Handbook of Medical-surgical Nursing (4th edn.). Philadelphia: LWW. Rosdahl, C.B., Kowalski, M.T. (2008). Textbook of Basic Nursing (9th edn.). Philadelphia: LWW. Smeltzer, S., Bare, B.G., Hinkle, J.L., Cheever, K.H. (2007). Brunner Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-surgical Nursing. Philadelphia: LWW. Tollefson, J. (2004). Clinical Psychomotor Skills: Assessment Tools for Nursing Students. Australia: Thomson.

National Identification System Essay Research Paper Should free essay sample

National Identification System Essay, Research Paper Should a national designation system in which each American? s DNA form is registered be established? Has the U.S. semen to the point where we have to invent a national designation system in which everyone? s DNA form is registered in a web of computing machines? I believe so, and the procedure of utilizing a individual? s DNA form for a national designation system is a really good thought. This designation system could be used to offer new occupations, put felons # 8211 ; who are guilty # 8211 ; in gaol, and besides provide people with medical information about themselves and their wellness. I believe utilizing a individual? s DNA form for a national designation system is a really good thought, even better than fingerprints. Although every human being is 99.9 % indistinguishable, that.1 % left makes a large difference between two people. By utilizing a genome of 3 billion letters? your Deoxyribonucleic acid concatenation? that ten percent ( . We will write a custom essay sample on National Identification System Essay Research Paper Should or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 1 % ) is really three million separate links in your Deoxyribonucleic acid concatenation. That is how the difference between two people is figured out. I know it? s a hard procedure, but it can be really utile in our society today, and that is why I think it is a really good thought. Although the designation system is a really complicated affair it could open up doors for occupation chances, for people that qualify. Peoples that are qualified for the occupation might hold to be: computing machine literate, able to work long hours, dependable and trusty to run sophisticated and expensive machinery, and have a background of knowled Ge of the DNA concatenation and patterns among it. Besides, likely being a authorities funded occupation, benefits would be available, and the wage wouldn? T be excessively bad either. Fingerprints are really utile in burglary and belongings offenses, but what about a colza instance? Fingerprints wouldn? t be really utile in a colza instance, so DNA proving would hold to be done on seeds samples found at the scene of a offense. Fingerprint fluctuations are dramatic and were considered province of the art about 10 old ages ago, but non any more. Now we are capable of reading DNA forms, and DNA is a difficult thing to contend against in tribunal when a individual? s Deoxyribonucleic acid and the Deoxyribonucleic acid found at a offense scene are indistinguishable. Deoxyribonucleic acid forms are besides utile when seeking for diseases or types of malignant neoplastic disease that a individual might be capable excessively in their older age. So by utilizing DNA as a national designation system we could besides supply people with of import information about their wellness and what they are to surmise in the hereafter. Besides if a individual knew about a type of malignant neoplastic disease they might be capable excessively, they could state a physician and handle the malignant neoplastic disease before it comes about and be cured of the malignant neoplastic disease before it even started to consequence their life. Deoxyribonucleic acid forms, as a national designation system isn? t a bad thought. Having many good qualities, I? thousand sure there are bad qualities, but it seems like a really utile thought that could profit today? s society. So, I think a national designation system by utilizing a individual? s DNA form is a good thought and if came to the poles for election, would certainly acquire my ballot.